Use to make a rhetorical question or assertion based on the premise that some fact is sufficiently established. Highly formal — appears mostly in editorials, speeches, or literature, and is rare in modern speech. Typically followed by a rhetorical question (어찌 ~하랴) or an obligation claim. e.g., 상황이 이러할진대 최선을 다해야 합니다 (Given the situation is like this, we must do our best) / 환경 오염이 심각할진대 어찌 행동에 나서지 않을 수 있겠습니까 (Given that pollution is so severe, how could we fail to act?).
Like '합격할진대 왜 걱정하세요? (If you're going to pass, why worry?)' — the logic is that once the prior fact is sufficiently established, the rhetorical question or assertion that follows is naturally warranted. Rare in modern speech; appears in formal writing, speeches, and literature.
Rules
Verb/Adjective (with batchim) + 을진대
옳다 (옳 has batchim ㅎ) → 옳 + 을진대 → 옳을진대
믿다 → 믿을진대 (given one believes)
깊다 → 깊을진대 (given it is deep)
높다 → 높을진대 (given it is high)
Verb/Adjective (no batchim) + ㄹ진대
합격하다 (하 = no batchim) → 합격하 + ㄹ진대 → 합격할진대
이러하다 → 이러할진대 (given things are so)
증명하다 → 증명할진대 (given one proves)
당연하다 → 당연할진대 (given it is natural)
Noun + 일진대
사실 (noun) → 사실 + 일진대 → 사실일진대
진리 → 진리일진대 (given it is truth)
현실 → 현실일진대 (given it is reality)
책임 → 책임일진대 (given it is duty)
Examples
상황이 이러할진대 최선을 다해야 합니다.
Given that the situation is like this, we must do our best.
근거가 부족할진대 결론을 내리기 어렵습니다.
Given that the evidence is insufficient, it is hard to draw a conclusion.
문제가 이러할진대 해결책을 찾아야 합니다.
Given that the problem is like this, we must find a solution.
환경 오염이 이토록 심각할진대 어찌 행동에 나서지 않을 수 있겠습니까.
Given that environmental pollution is this severe, how could we fail to take action?
역사가 이를 증명할진대 같은 실수를 되풀이해서는 안 될 것입니다.
Given that history attests to this, we must not repeat the same mistakes.
-다시피 — Shared premise (as you know)-다시피 — 공유 전제 (알다시피)
Use to introduce a main point on the premise that the listener already knows or has experienced something. Combines only with a limited set of cognition/perception verbs (알다, 보다, 듣다, 말하다, etc.). Often appears as fixed expressions: 아시다시피, 보시다시피, 들으시다시피. e.g., 아시다시피 시간이 부족해요 (As you know, we don't have enough time) / 말씀드렸다시피 일정이 변경됐어요 (As I mentioned, the schedule has changed).
'-다시피' opens by laying down something the listener already knows as the premise. Like '아시다시피 우리 상황이...,' it leads with shared knowledge before getting to the point. It only combines with a restricted set of verbs (알다, 보다, 듣다, etc.).
Rules
알다-family + 다시피
알다 (알 = stem) → 알 + 다시피 → 알다시피 (honorific: 아시다시피)
알다 → 알다시피 (as one knows)
알다 → 아시다시피 (honorific)
모두 알다 → 모두가 알다시피 (as everyone knows)
보다-family + 다시피
보다 (보 = stem) → 보 + 다시피 → 보다시피 (honorific: 보시다시피)
보다 → 보다시피 (as one sees)
보다 → 보시다시피 (honorific)
보도되다 → 보도되었다시피 (as has been reported)
말하다/듣다 + 다시피 (past form possible)
말씀드리다 (드리 = stem) → 말씀드렸 + 다시피 → 말씀드렸다시피
듣다 → 들으시다시피 (honorific 'as you hear')
말씀드리다 → 말씀드렸다시피 (as I mentioned, honorific)
듣다 → 들으셨다시피 (as you've heard, honorific past)
Examples
아시다시피 시간이 부족해요.
As you know, we don't have enough time.
보시다시피 자료가 완벽하지 않아요.
As you can see, the materials aren't perfect.
모두가 알다시피 이번 프로젝트가 중요해요.
As everyone knows, this project is important.
들으셨다시피 다음 주부터 지하철 요금이 오를 예정입니다.
As you've heard, subway fares are scheduled to rise starting next week.
보도되었다시피 이번 행사는 시민 누구나 무료로 참여할 수 있습니다.
As has been reported, anyone in the city can join this event for free.
See it in a conversationThesis midway-presentation rehearsal
은우
유진 씨, 내일 발표 리허설 한 번 봐 줘요.
Yujin, please review my rehearsal for tomorrow.
유진
네, 시작해요.
Okay, let's begin.
은우
다 아시다시피 저는 소비자 행동 변화를 주제로 했는데요, 팬데믹 이후의 변화를 정리했어요.
As you all know, my topic is changes in consumer behavior — I summarized post-pandemic shifts.
유진
흐름이 잘 잡혔어요. 근데 앞부분에 기업들 위기 대응이 이러할진대 소비자 반응은 당연히 이렇다, 이런 연결이 더 명확해야 할 것 같아요.
The flow's solid. But up front, the link — given that firms responded like this in crisis, consumer response naturally follows — should be clearer.
은우
아, 맞네요. 독자가 전제를 알고 있다시피 쓰면 오히려 혼란스러울 수 있겠어요.
Ah, right. Writing as if readers already know the premise could actually be confusing.
유진
네, 전문가라고 할진대 근거도 더 뚜렷해야 해요. 수치 하나 더 넣어요.
Yes — given that you claim expertise, the evidence should be sharper. Add one more figure.
은우
알겠어요. 학술대회인 이상 완성도를 더 올려야죠.
Got it. Since it's an academic conference, the polish has to go up.
유진
조금만 다듬으면 진짜 괜찮을 거예요.
Just a little more polish and it'll be solid.
Check yourself퀴즈 — no signup needed
Given that pollution is so severe ___ , how could we pretend not to know?
진대 — Lays down a fact as the established premise and leads into a rhetorical question for a strong claim. '환경 오염이 심각할진대' sets the premise and '어떻게 ~할 수 있겠습니까?' delivers the rhetorical force.
As you can see ___ , the result wasn't good.
시피 — Adding the honorific '-시-' to the stem '보다' yields '보시다시피.' It's a formal expression that introduces a main point on the premise that the listener has already seen/known.
As you know ___ , this project is important.
시피 — '아시다시피' is a fixed expression used to open a main point on the premise that the listener already knows. It's common at the start of presentations and meetings.
Practice this in real TOPIK questions
Bridge Korean turns grammar like this into daily practice: structured lessons from Hangul to advanced, 40 TOPIK mock tests, and AI feedback on your writing and speaking — explained in 7 languages.